The History of Singapores Economic Development

In the 1960s, the city-state of Singapore was an undeveloped country with a GDP per capita of less than U.S. $320. Today, it is one of the worlds fastest-growing economies. Its GDP per capita has risen to an incredible U.S. $60,000, making it one of the strongest economies in the world. For a small country with few natural resources, Singapores economic ascension is nothing short of remarkable. By embracing globalization, free-market capitalism, education, and pragmatic policies, the country has been able to overcome its geographic disadvantages and become a leader in global commerce. Independence For over 100 years, Singapore was under British control. But when the British failed to protect the colony from the Japanese during World War II, it sparked a strong anti-colonial and nationalist sentiment that subsequently led to Singapores independence. On August 31, 1963, Singapore seceded from the British crown and merged with Malaysia to form the Federation of Malaysia. The two years Singapore spent as part of Malaysia were filled with social strife, as the two sides struggled to assimilate with one another ethnically. Street riots and violence became very common. The Chinese in Singapore outnumbered the Malay three-to-one. The Malay politicians in Kuala Lumpur feared their heritage and political ideologies were being threatened by the growing Chinese population throughout the island and peninsula. Therefore, as a way of ensuring a Malay majority within Malaysia proper and to limit the influence of communism, the Malaysian parliament voted to expel Singapore from Malaysia. Singapore gained formal independence on August 9, 1965, with Yusof bin Ishak serving as its first president and the highly influential Lee Kuan Yew as its prime minister. After independence, Singapore continued to experience problems. Much of the city-states three million people were unemployed. More than two-thirds of its population was living in slums and squatter settlements on the citys fringe. The territory was sandwiched between two large and unfriendly states in Malaysia and Indonesia. Singapore lacked natural resources, sanitation, proper infrastructure, and adequate water supply. In order to stimulate development, Lee sought international assistance, but his pleas went unanswered, leaving Singapore to fend for itself. Globalization During colonial times, Singapores economy was centered on entrepà ´t trade. But this economic activity offered little prospect for job expansion in the post-colonial period. The withdrawal of the British further aggravated the unemployment situation. The most feasible solution to Singapores economic and unemployment woes was to embark on a comprehensive program of industrialization, with a focus on labor-intensive industries. Unfortunately, Singapore had no industrial tradition. The majority of its working population was in trade and services. Therefore, they had no expertise or easily adaptable skills. Moreover, without a hinterland and neighbors who would trade with it, Singapore was forced to look for opportunities well beyond its borders to spearhead its industrial development. Pressured to find work for their people, the leaders of Singapore began to experiment with globalization. Influenced by Israels ability to leap over its Arab neighbors (who boycotted Israel) and trade with Europe and America, Lee and his colleagues knew they had to connect with the developed world and convince multinational corporations to manufacture in Singapore. In order to attract investors, Singapore had to create an environment that was safe, corruption-free, and low in taxation. To make this feasible, the citizens of the country had to suspend a large measure of their freedom in place of a more autocratic government. Anyone caught conducting narcotic trade or intensive corruption would be met with the death penalty. Lees People Action Party (PAP) repressed all independent labor unions and consolidated what remained into a single umbrella group called the National Trade Union Congress (NTUC), which the party directly controlled. Individuals who threatened national, political, or corporate unity were quickly jailed without much due process. The countrys draconian, but business-friendly laws became very appealing to international investors. In contrast to its neighbors, where political and economic climates were unpredictable, Singapore was very stable. Moreover, with its advantageous location and established port system, Singapore was an i deal place to manufacture goods. By 1972, just seven years after independence, one-quarter of Singapores manufacturing firms were either foreign-owned or joint-venture companies, and both the United States and Japan were major investors. As a result of Singapores steady climate, favorable investment conditions and the rapid expansion of the world economy from 1965 to 1972, the countrys Gross Domestic Product (GDP) experienced annual double-digit growth. As foreign investment money poured in, Singapore began focusing on developing its human resources in addition to its infrastructure. The country set up many technical schools and paid international corporations to train their unskilled workers in information technology, petrochemicals, and electronics. For those who could not get industrial jobs, the government enrolled them in labor-intensive un-tradable services, such as tourism and transportation. The strategy of having multinationals educate their workforce paid great dividends for the country. In the 1970s, Singapore was primarily exporting textiles, garments, and basic electronics. By the 1990s, they were engaging in wafer fabrication, logistics, biotech research, pharmaceuticals, integrated circuit design, and aerospace engineering. A Modern Economy Today, Singapore is a modern, industrialized society and entrepà ´t trade continues to play a central role in its economy. The Port of Singapore is now the worlds busiest transshipment port, surpassing Hong Kong and Rotterdam. In terms of total cargo tonnage handled, it has become the worlds second busiest, behind only the Port of Shanghai. Singapores tourism industry is also thriving, attracting over 10 million visitors annually. The city-state now has a zoo, a night safari, and a nature reserve. The country recently opened two of the worlds most expensive integrated casino resorts in the Marina Bay Sands and the Resorts World Sentosa. The countrys medical tourism and culinary tourism industries have also become quite successful, thanks to Singapores cultural heritage and advanced medical technology. Banking has grown significantly in recent years and many assets formerly held in Switzerland have been moved to Singapore due to new taxes imposed by the Swiss. The biotech industry is burgeoning, with drug makers such as GlaxoSmithKline, Pfizer, and Merck Co. all establishing plants here, and oil refining continues to play a huge role in the economy. Despite its small size, Singapore is now the 15th largest trading partner of the United States. The country has established strong trade agreements with several countries in South America, Europe, and Asia as well. There are currently over 3,000 multinational corporations operating in the country, accounting for more than two-thirds of its manufacturing output and direct export sales. With a total land area of just 433 square miles and a small labor force of 3 million people, Singapore is able to produce a GDP that exceeds $300 billion dollars annually, higher than three-quarters of the world. Life expectancy is 83.75 years, the third highest in the world. Singapore is considered to be one of the best places to live on Earth if you dont mind the strict rules. Singapores model of sacrificing freedom for business is highly controversial and heavily debated. Regardless of philosophy, though, its effectiveness is undeniable.

Augustus Research Paper - 1322 Words

Ty Gellinger 11/29/11 Achievements Augustus The power of Rome for many centuries was held by the senate, which is a group of men of the wealthiest families in Rome. They made all the political and military decisions for Rome. Under the Senate the romans conquered many lands such as the entire Italian peninsula, southern france, Spain, and northern Africa. After the conquering of many of these lands the armies became independent and created civil wars in the land. Much of the Roman empire was corrupt and falling apart. Three generals Crassus, Pompey, and Julius Caesar formed an alliance, they kept the senate but left it with little power and say. The senate was worried about Julius Caesar he was power hungry and very†¦show more content†¦He preserved all of the traditional offices while slowly taking many of the offices for him self. He was both consul and tribune. Commander and chief of the military and the senate also gave him direct control of many provinces, these provinces supplied men for his armies and food fo r them also, not to the senate. Augustus knew the importance of religion in roman society, he then named himself pontifex maximus which means supreme priest. He encourages the construction of temples dedicated to Rome and Augustus. None of these innovations in his ruling method altered the Roman constitution. The laws he did change however were the laws of the provinces of Rome which made them more romanized, so Augustus could be open about his actions so the senate would not bring him down and be with him. The Romans had a strong sense of there traditions and were fascinated by there history they loved when they could point out how the gods operated in there empire and allowed them much conquest of the western world. Before Augustus it looked for the romans as if the gods had left them, for they killed each other in revolutions and civil wars. Augustus’s many military victories and expansion of the empire through land and a political sense, show that the gods where on his s ide. He glorified Rome by hiring painters, sculptures, architects, and painters to design and build beautiful structures. He has paved the way for future Roman emperors to come. EmperorShow MoreRelatedObservation Description Of The Letter Essay1620 Words   |  7 Pagesof choice. Students will conduct an independent research and compose a thesis paper that illustrates their ability to describe the length of preparation and types of testing a person who is called may face throughout the process. Students will describe how a person receives confirmation of his or her call. Students will describe how to live a fruitful life that will lead towards elevation. 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Discussion to Relate the Boiling Point-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss the Boiling point with the structural factors of the chemical compounds. Answer: Boiling point is actually the temperature point at which the vapour pressure of the liquid will become equal to the pressure surrounding the liquid. This is at this temperature, the liquid will change its phase to the vapour. At microscopic level at BP the intermolecular bonds will break and the vapour phase changes do occur. Hence higher the bond energies, higher BPs will be required to break the bonds and for changes the phase from liquid to vapour. In the current scenario the two chemical compounds selected for the study are both organic compounds. One of the two is 3-methly-2 butanone and the second compound in the list is 1-pentanol. The boiling point of the first element 3-methyl-2 butanone is about 940C to 950C and the boiling point of the second compound 1-pentanol is around 1370C. Intermolecular forces in the chemical compounds do directly depend on the type of the bonds present in the chemical compound and they will immediately impact the extent of the forces needed for breaking the chemical bonds. Hence in this connection it can be said that the boiling point of the compounds will be higher for the compounds requiring higher forces to break the bonds and the boiling point of the chemical compounds will be lower for those compounds which require lesser bond breaking forces. In this connection the relative differences of the boiling points of the two chemical compounds is explained in the following discussion. The BP of t he 1-pentanol is higher than the BP of the 3-methyl-2 butanone and the reason for the same can be explained due to the chemical bonds present in the respective chemical compounds. 1- Pentanol mainly consist of the hydrogen bonding. Hydrogen bonding is responsible for the strength of the 1-pentanol. 3-Methyl- 2 butanone chemical compounds intermolecular bonding is distinct from that of the 1-Pentanol. In this chemical compound there is presence of the methyl groups and the presence of the same will result in the change in the carbon backbone bonds. There will be four carbon backbone with a single carbon branch on the third carbon atom. And so this will result in the decrease in the intermolecular dipole-dipole bonds, so this feature will result in the lower Boiling point of the compound. Hydrogen bond of the 1-pentanol is stronger and hence is responsible for the higher boiling point of the compound when compared with the 3-methyl-2 butanone chemical compound (PubChem). The above figures provides the details and the arrangement of the chemical bonds present in the molecule and they in turn explains the strength and the boiling point of the chemicals. Chemical compound details 3-Methyl-2-butanone Chemical names:;iso-C3H7COCH3;Methylbutanone;3-Methyl-2-but;2-Acetylpropane;2-Acetopropane?;3-Methylbutanone;3-Ketoisopentane;Methyl butanone-2;Methyl-2-butanone Molecular weight of 3-Methyl-2-butanone = 86.13gm/mol 1- Pentanol C5H12Oor CH3(CH2)3CH2OH Chemical Names: 1-Pentanol; Pentan-1-ol; Amyl alcohol; N-Pentanol; N-Amyl alcohol; Pentanol MIPK;iso-C3H7COCH3;Methylbutanone;3-Methyl-2-but;2-Acetylpropane;2-Acetopropane?;3-Methylbutanone;3-Ketoisopentane;Methyl butanone-2;Methyl-2-butanone Molecular weight of Pentanol =88.15g/mol C5H10O 86.13 References: Etter, M.C., 1991. Hydrogen bonds as design elements in organic chemistry.The Journal of Physical Chemistry,95(12), pp.4601-4610. Giese, B. and Baldwin, J.E., 1986.Radicals in organic synthesis: formation of carbon-carbon bonds(p. 141). Oxford: Pergamon Press. Anon., n.d. [Online] Available at: https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/3-methyl-2-butanone#section=Top Anon., n.d. [Online] Available at: https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/1-Pentanol

Home School free essay sample

There are a lot of different opinions about homeschooling. Some people think that it gives educational freedom, closer family relationships, and benefits from one on one learning. Although that might seem beneficial it also hurts homeschoolers in the future. If they always had educational freedom it will be difficult to adjust if they ever decided to go to college, because it will be a completely different environment. Relationships can suffer from being around each other all the time and can cause tension at home. One on one learning is not always the best. They will not have the opportunity to work as a team and with peers. Homeschooling is not beneficial because students will have too much educational freedom, relationships with suffer, and they will not have the benefits of being in a classroom. First, students will have too much educational freedom. When you are a homeschooler you can decide to focus on certain subjects more than others. We will write a custom essay sample on Home School or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page There is a bigger chance you will struggle in one subject because you are more interest in another. Homeschoolers are not restricted to a time limit that focuses them to move from one subject to another. That can make it difficult for them in the future when they do have restrictions and deadlines they need to stick by. If a student has too much freedom, because the curriculum can be swayed, they move at a slower pace (Benefits). Without having to be on a set schedule they will not learn to be organized and be prepared for deadlines. They will be used to things being easier for them because homeschool student are not being challenged with the same assignments and projects that public school student are. It is also very common their curriculum to shift to their family’s values and beliefs (Takahasi). They will not be learning about things in a general way like a public school student would be. Second, homeschooling can cause students relationships to suffer. When a student has to spend all day with their parent it can cause some tension. Since they will not be spending much time away from each other, they can lose their patience and get frustrated. It can put a strain on their family, because it can be expansive and their schedule can get crazy. Homeschooling consumes a lot of the parents’ time and is a big change for their family (Shaw). They will have to deal with changes like their home coming not only a comfortable place but a child’s only learning environment. It can also affect their relationships with their peers. They will not be around kids their own age, or be able to interact with them on a daily bases. Homeschooling does not let students interact with others like they would in a normal classroom setting. Personally I have seen kids who are homeschooled have a lot of regret. They wish they had a normal learning experience, and could be able to make friends. They will feel isolated and different from other kids their age. They will also be missing out on important things like extracurricular actives, sport, and clubs. They will be missing out on the opportunity to be part of a graduation ceremony. Finally, homeschoolers will not get to have the benefits of learning in a class room. They will not get the opportunity to experience having a class discussion, or projects that involve working with others. They will be too relaxed and not feel the pressure of trying to do their best in school. Homeschooling also does not give students the opportunity to have some healthy competition (Pros). The students want to strive to be the best student or earn awards or learn leadership in sport because they are not a public school where that is common. They will most likely be average students because they do not have the opportunity to over achieve. Homeschoolers will not learn to work as a team or in a group and that can affect them as they get older. They will not be comfortable in a group environment because they have never had to work that way. They will not have other people they can turn to when they need help understanding something. Homeschoolers are only taught be one person in every subject. If the learning style that they are being taught in does not work for them they are going to suffer. They are not being taught by teachers who have gone through training or that have earned their teaching credentials. Although they might be learning the basics just fine they are limiting themselves to how much they can actually learn. In a normal class room, students can turn to their peers and classmates to ask for help but that would not be possible for homeschoolers. Not every parent can be patient and helpful all the time (Mary). The relationship between a teacher and student and a child and parent is completely different. It will be hard to distance those relationships for a learning environment. In conclusion, homeschooling is not a beneficial route for students. It will only cause problems such as regret and a yearning to have the education public school students have. They will have too much educational freedom, their relationships with others will suffer, and they will not have the benefits of learning in a class room environment.

Free Essays on Ramayana Summary

The Ramanaya Summary The Ramanaya begins with a divine plan for good to over power evil. Ravana the demon king of Lanka, had been granted immortality against gods and demons, and therefore his power and reign was out of control. Brahma asked Visnu to help by goping down to earth and allowing Dasratha to have sons, as Ravana had not been granted immortality against human, and so this became the only way to destroy him. Visnu told Dasaratha to distribute the payasam amongst his three wives, who in turn had four sons between them. The sons grew up. Rama and Laksmana, two of the sons performed a duty in the forest. For this duty they were granted marriage to the daughters of Janaka the King of Mithila. Rama married Sita, the eldest daughter. When the time came for Dasaratha to pass the kingdom to his son, Rama, the eldest, one of his wives got jealous that her son was not going to become King. She then developed a lot of tension within the house and asked Dasaratha to grant her the two wishes he had been promising her. The first wish was to banish Rama to the forest for 14 years, the second was to make her son King. Both wishes were granted out of Dharma. Bharata was crowned upon Dasaratha’s karma related death/ Bharat however had respect for his brother, and would not take the Kingdom, but Rama would not come back out of dharma, so Bharata managed the kingdom until Rama returned. In the forest Rama had received company in his wife, Sita and brother, Laksmana. Ravana’s sister, Surpanakha, came to Rama dwelling and asked him to marry her. He refused which angered her and so she told her brothers Ravana and Khara. Khara came to defend his sister’s honor and was subsequently killed, which of cours angered Ravana and was the beginning of their opposition to each other. Ravana sent a golden deer to the camp in the forest, Sita wanted its hide, so Ravana went to kill it, upon which time Ravana impersonated Ramas voice a... Free Essays on Ramayana Summary Free Essays on Ramayana Summary The Ramanaya Summary The Ramanaya begins with a divine plan for good to over power evil. Ravana the demon king of Lanka, had been granted immortality against gods and demons, and therefore his power and reign was out of control. Brahma asked Visnu to help by goping down to earth and allowing Dasratha to have sons, as Ravana had not been granted immortality against human, and so this became the only way to destroy him. Visnu told Dasaratha to distribute the payasam amongst his three wives, who in turn had four sons between them. The sons grew up. Rama and Laksmana, two of the sons performed a duty in the forest. For this duty they were granted marriage to the daughters of Janaka the King of Mithila. Rama married Sita, the eldest daughter. When the time came for Dasaratha to pass the kingdom to his son, Rama, the eldest, one of his wives got jealous that her son was not going to become King. She then developed a lot of tension within the house and asked Dasaratha to grant her the two wishes he had been promising her. The first wish was to banish Rama to the forest for 14 years, the second was to make her son King. Both wishes were granted out of Dharma. Bharata was crowned upon Dasaratha’s karma related death/ Bharat however had respect for his brother, and would not take the Kingdom, but Rama would not come back out of dharma, so Bharata managed the kingdom until Rama returned. In the forest Rama had received company in his wife, Sita and brother, Laksmana. Ravana’s sister, Surpanakha, came to Rama dwelling and asked him to marry her. He refused which angered her and so she told her brothers Ravana and Khara. Khara came to defend his sister’s honor and was subsequently killed, which of cours angered Ravana and was the beginning of their opposition to each other. Ravana sent a golden deer to the camp in the forest, Sita wanted its hide, so Ravana went to kill it, upon which time Ravana impersonated Ramas voice a...

Why is discretion important in the criminal process Essay

Why is discretion important in the criminal process - Essay Example This paper will discuss the importance of discretion in the criminal process. Discretion plays a key role in the criminal process starting from the reporting of crime. The public must take initiative to report criminal activities to the relevant authorities. Studies have shown that there is a discrepancy between committed crimes and reported crimes (Snyder, 1990). This has led to questionable figures released by the official statistics of crime. It is, therefore, of a noble cause that citizens report all witnessed crimes for the authorities to be able to publish reliable information and statistics. Citizens should exercise discretion and realize that no crime is too trivial to be reported or feel embarrassed about. Lack of discretion leads to fear of victimization or reprisal. A significant result of correct statistics is the ability to properly plan strategies to curb crimes and improve the security system (Marc, 1992). Decisions by the police not to bring into play the criminal process establish the limits of law enforcement (Snyder, 1990). They must use discretion to make choices founded on numerous possibilities of courses of action. The law does not cover every possible crime that may be committed to the required details. Likewise, the training police officers receive cannot entail all the situations they will encounter in the line of duty (Marc, 1992). This is where discretion comes into play in law enforcement. It will help the law enforcers to shun special interests from corrupt individuals such as politicians and perpetrators of domestic violence who walk free after offering bribes. When the police identify a suspect, they must use discretion on deciding how to approach them (Snyder, 1990). A consideration is taken as to whether to arrest or employ alternative procedures like issuing a notice to attend court. Judges and magistrates need to exercise utmost discretion when hearing a matter placed before them in all stages of

State the different steps involved in a confirmed documentary letter Essay

State the different steps involved in a confirmed documentary letter of credit, with payment terms of ninety days sight. Then compare and contrast documentary collections and documentary letter of credit - Essay Example Afterwards, the beneficiary or the seller then transports the goods and comes up with the documents required to support the letter of credit. It is after presenting the relevant documents to the advising bank or the confirming bank that the documents can be processed for any payments to be done (Barru, 2005). The confirming or advising bank scrutinizes the documents to establish compliance with the provided letter of credit. In the event that the details are correct, the advising or confirming bank can put claims of funds through either obtaining a debit from the issuing bank’s account, waiting for some period of time to allow the issuing bank to remit or through any other bank as per the requirements of the credit. After this, it will be upon the advising or confirming bank send the documents to the issuing bank which again examines the papers for compliance and in case there are no complications, the issuing bank debits the account of the buyer. Finally, the issuing bank performs yet another duty of sending the documents back to the buyer (Azar & Abdallah, 2015). One of the similarities between the documentary collections and letters of credit is that the execution of both of these payments is performed by the banks. Moreover, documents are very essential in both of the payments and this becomes the second similarity between the two methods of payments. The third similarity is that both of these documents are governed by rules of trade which are accepted internationally (Barru, 2005). While the letters of credit majorly fall under the governance of UCP 600, cash against documents payments in this case referred to as documentary collects fall under the governance of the rules outlined in URC 522 (Ilie, 2015). For the letters of credit to be opened by the bank that issues them the applicant must be willing to accept the banks request to open them or in other